IKHTISAR: Kajian ini telah meninjau teori-teori kejayaan kerjaya seperti Teori Sosial Kognitif Kerjaya (TSKK), Model Lanjutan TSKK, Model Perilaku Proaktif, dan Model Bersepadu Kejayaan Kerjaya. Berdasarkan teori-teori tersebut, kajian literatur ini telah meramalkan beberapa faktor individu (seperti modal insan, personaliti individu, dan modal sosial) serta faktor kontekstual (seperti sokongan organisasi dan kesesuaian individu-persekitaran) dalam mempengaruhi kejayaan kerjaya ahli akademik. Di samping itu, kajian ini juga menerangkan tentang pengaruh perilaku proaktif seseorang individu dalam mencetuskan penglibatan mereka dalam aktiviti-aktiviti pengurusan strategi melancarkan kejayaan kerjaya. Kajian ini mempercayai bahawa kesemua teori dan model yang dikemukakan dapat menerangkan fenomena kejayaan kerjaya individu ahli akademik. Model-model tersebut telah dibangunkan serta boleh diaplikasikan pada pelbagai golongan, sama ada individu pelajar atau pekerja. Ini membuktikan bahawa model-model tersebut juga turut sesuai digunakan dalam kalangan ahli akademik di Universiti Penyelidikan di Malaysia.

KATA KUNCI: Kerjaya, kejayaan kerjaya, ahli akademik, teori bersepadu, dan universiti penyelidikan di Malaysia.

ABSTRACT: This study has reviewed the theories of career success such as Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), Advanced Model of SCCT, Model of Proactice Behavior, and Integrated Model of Career Success. Based on the theories, this study has predicted several individual factors (such as human capital, individual personality, and social capital) and contextual factors (such as organisational support and individual-environment fit) in influencing the academic career success. In addition, this study describes the influence of individual proactive behavior in creating their involvement in management activities and strategies to launch successful careers. This study argued that the theories and models presented can explain the phenomenon of academic career success. These models have been developed and can be applied to various groups of either individual students or employees. This indicates that the models are also suitable for use in academia in Research Universities in Malaysia.

KEY WORD: Career, career success, academics, integrated theory, and research universities in Malaysia.

About the Authors: Al-Mansor Abu Said, M.Sc. ialah Pelajar Ph.D. di Jabatan Pemajuan Profesional dan Pendidikan Lanjutan, Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan UPM (Universiti Putra Malaysia), Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; dan Dr. Roziah Mohd Rasdi ialah Pensyarah Kanan di Jabatan Pemajuan Professional dan Pendidikan Lanjutan, Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan UPM. Bagi urusan sebarang akademik, penulis dapat dihubungi dengan alamat e-mail: almansor.abu.said@mmu.edu.my

How to cite this article? Said, Al-Mansor Abu & Roziah Mohd Rasdi. (2012). “Tinjauan Faktor-faktor Pendorong Kejayaan Kerjaya Ahli Akademik: Konteks Universiti Penyelidikan di Malaysia” in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Vol.5, No.2 [November], pp.185-202. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, ISSN 1979-0112.

Chronicle of article: Accepted (September 8, 2012); Revised (October 9, 2012); and Published (November 20, 2012).

Abbasi, A., J. Altmann & L. Hossain. (2011). “Identifying the Effects of Co-Authorship Networks on the Performance of Scholars: A Correlation and Regression Analysis of Performance Measures and Social Network Analysis Measures” dalam Journal of Informetrics 5(4), ms.594–607.

Abdull Sukor, S. (2001). “Tingkah-Laku Pengajaran dan Kualiti Peribadi Pensyarah Universiti” dalam Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan UUM [Universiti Utara Malaysia] Tahun 2000. Sintok, Kedah: Pusat Penyelidikan dan Perundingan, Universiti Utara Malaysia, ms.438-453.

Allen, T.D., E. Lentz & R. Day. (2006). “The Role of Interpersonal Comfort in Mentoring Relationships” dalam Journal of Career Development, 31, pp.155–169.

Amey, M.J. (1992). “Institutional Market Places and Faculty Attrition: The Realities for Professors at One Research University”. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Minneapolis, MN, October 28 — November 1.

Aryee, S., Y.W. Chay & H.H. Tan. (1994). “An Examination of the Antecedents of Subjective Career Success among a Managerial Sample in Singapore” dalam Human Relations, 47(5), ms.487–509.

Azlina, M. & J. Shiqah. (2010). “Tahap Stres dan Tahap Kepuasan Kerja dalam Kalangan Pensyarah Universiti Teknologi Malaysia”. Kertas Kerja Tidak Diterbitkan. Sekudai, Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Ballout, H.I. (2007). “Career Success: The Effects of Human Capital, Person-Environment Fit, and Organizational Support” dalam Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), ms.41-765.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Barnett, B.R. & L. Bradley. (2007). “The Impact of Organizational Support for Career Development on Career Satisfaction” dalam Career Development International, 12(7), ms.617-636.

Baruch, Y. (2004). “Integrated Career System for the 2000s” dalam International Journal of Manpower, 20(7), ms.432-457.

Blackburn, R.T. & J.H. Lawrence. (1995). Faculty at Work. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Breland, J.W. et al. (2007). “The Interactive Effect of Leader-Member Exchange and Political Skill on Subjective Career Success” dalam Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(3), ms.1-14.

Brown, S.D. (2003). Career Information, Career Counselling, and Career Development. USA: Pearson Education, 8th edition.

Brown, S.D. et al. (2008). “Social Cognitive Predictors of College Students Academic Performance and Persistence: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis” dalam Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, ms.298-308.

Chen, Z., J.F. Veiga & G.N. Powell. (2011). “A Survival Analysis of the Impact of Boundary Crossings on Managerial Career Advancement Up to Midcareer” dalam Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), ms.230-240.

Connolly, J.J. & C. Viswesvaran. (2000). “The Role of Affectivity in Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis” dalam Personality and Individual Differences, 29, ms. 265–281.

Crant, J.M. (2000). “Proactive Behavior in Organizations” dalam Journal of Management, 26, ms.435-462.

Creamer, E.G. (1998). Assessing Faculty Publication Productivity: Issues of Equity. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development, ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Volume 26, No.2.

Finkeistein, M. (1984). The American Academic Profession: A Synthesis of Social Scientific Inquiry Since World War II. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

Fox, M.F. & V.C. Fern. (1992). “Women, Men, and Their Attributions for Success in Academe” dalam Social Psychology Quarterly, 55(3), ms.257-271.

Fuller, J.B., L.E. Marler & K. Hester. (2006). “Promoting Felt Responsibility for Constructive Change and Proactive Behavior: Exploring Aspects of an Elaborated Model of Work Design” dalam Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, ms.1089–1120.

Gattiker, U.E., & L. Larwood. (1988). “Subjective Career Success: A Study of Managers and Support Personnel” dalam Journal of Business and Psychology, 1(2), ms.78-94.

Griffin, B. & B. Hesketh. (2003). “Adaptable Behaviors for Successful Work and Career Adjustment” dalam Australian Journal of Psychology, 55, ms.65–73.

Guthrie, J.P., C.J. Coate & C.E. Schwoerer. (1998). “Career Management Strategies: The Role of Personality” dalam Journal of Managerial Psychology, 13(5/6), ms.371-386.

Hair, J.F. et al. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, seventh edition.

Heslin, P.A. (2003). “Self and Other-Referent Criteria of Career Success” dalam Journal of Career Assessment, 11, ms.262-86.

JPAM [Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia]. (2012). Pekeliling Perkhidmatan Bilangan 1 Tahun 2012. Putra Jaya: Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia.

Judge, T.A. et al. (1995). “An Empirical Investigation of the Predictors of Executive Career Success” dalam Personnel Psychology, 48, ms.485-519.

Kaderlia, R. et al. (2011). “Female Surgeons’ Mentoring Experiences and Success in an Academic Career in Switzerland” dalam The European Journal of Medical Science, 141, ms.1-8.

KPT [Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi]. (2007). Pelan Strategik Pengajian Tinggi Negara. Putra Jaya, Malaysia: Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi.

KPT [Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi]. (2011). “Pelan Tindakan Pengajian Tinggi Negara Fasa 2 (2011-2015): Mencetus Transformasi Pengajian Tinggi” dalam Bitara, ms.1-68.

Kristof-Brown, A.L., M.A. Barrick & C.K. Stevens. (2005). “When Opposites Attract: A Multi-Sample Demonstration of Complementary Person–Team Fit on Extraversion” dalam Journal of Personality, 73, ms.935–958.

Lent, R.W., S.D. Brown & G. Hackett. (1994). “Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest: Choice and Performance” dalam Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, ms.79-122.

Lent, R.W. et al. (2005). “Social Cognitive Predictors of Academic Interests and Goals in Engineering: Utility for Women and Students at Historically Black Universities” dalam Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, ms.84-92.

Lent, R.W. & S.D. Brown. (2006). “Integrating Person and Situation Perspectives on Work Satisfaction: A Sosial Cognitive View” dalam Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 69, ms.236-247.

Lortie-Lussier, M. & N. Rinfret. (2010). “Determinants of Objective and Subjective Success of Men and Women” dalam International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71, ms.607.

Lyons, H.Z., B.R. Brenner & R.E. Fassinger. (2005). “A Multicultural Test of the Theory of Work Adjustment: Investigating the Role of Heterosexism and Person-Environment Fit in the Job Satisfaction of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Employees” dalam Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, ms.537–548.

Lyons, H.Z. & K.M. O’Brien. (2006). “The Role of Person-Environment Fit in the Job Satisfaction and Tenure Intentions of African American Employees” dalam Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), ms.387–396.

Markus, M. (1987). “Women, Success, and Civil Society: Submission to, or Subversion of, the Achievement Principle” dalam S. Benhabib & D. Cornell [eds]. Feminism as Critique: On the Politics of Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ms.96-109.

Mebane, M. et al. (2008). “Evaluation of the Efficacy of Affective Education Online Training in Promoting Academic and Professional Learning and Social Capital” dalam International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24(1), ms.68-86.

Nabi, G.R. (1999). “An Investigation into the Differential Profile of Predictors of Objective and Subjective Career Success” dalam Career Development International, 4, ms.212-224.

Nabi, G.R. (2003). “Situational Characteristics and Subjective Career Success: The Mediating Role of Career-Enhancing Strategies” dalam International Journal of Manpower, 24(4), ms.653-672.

Ng, T. et al. (2005). “Predictors of Objective and Subjective Career Success: A Meta — Analysis” dalam Personnel Psychology, 58(3), ms.367-408.

Ng, T. & D.C. Feldman. (2010). “Human Capital and Objective Indicators of Career Success: The Mediating Effects of Cognitive Ability and Conscientiousness” dalam Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(1), ms.207–235.

Nurita, J. et al. (2010). “Factors Influencing Internal and External Employability of Employees” dalam Business and Economics Journal, 2, ms.1-10.

Patton, W. & M. McMahon. (1999). Career Development and Systems Theory: A New Relationship. California, USA: Pacific Grove.

Patton, W. & M. McMahon. (2006). Career Development and Systems Theory: Connecting Theory and Practice. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

Peluchette, J. (1993). “Subjective Career Success: The Influence of Individual Difference, Family, and Organizational Variables” dalam Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43, ms.198-208.

Rhodes, J. et al. (2008). “The Role of Gender in Youth Mentoring Relationship Formation and Duration” dalam Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, ms.183-192.

Riordan, S. (2007). “Career Success of Women Academics in South Africa”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town.

Riordan, S. (2011). “Career Success of Women Academics in South Africa” dalam South African Journal of Psychology, 41(2), ms.157-172.

Russell, J.E.A. (1991). “Vocational Psychology: An Analysis and Directions for the Future” dalam Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 59, ms.226-34.

Seibert, S.E., J.M. Crant & M.L. Kraimer. (1999). “Proactive Personality and Career Success” dalam Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, ms.416-27.

Seibert, S.E., M.L. Kraimer & R. Liden. (2001). “A Social Capital Theory of Career Success” dalam Academy of Management Journal, 44 (2), ms.219-237.

Smith, P.L. & N.A. Fouad. (1999). “Subject-Matter Specificity of Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectancies, Interest, and Goals: Implications for the Social-Cognitive Model” dalam Journal of Counselling Psychology, 46(4), ms.7-27.

Thoresen, C.J. et al. (2003). “The Affective Underpinnings of Job Perceptions and Attitudes: A Metaanalytic Review and Integration” dalam Psychological Bulletin, 129, ms.914–945.

Turban, D.B. & T.W. Dougherty. (1994). “The Role of Protege Personality in Receipt of Mentoring and Career Success”dalam Academy of Management Journal, 37, ms.688-702.

Valian, V. (1999). Why so Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Wenzel, S.A. (1996). “Women Engineering Facu1ty: Reflections on Career and Success”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Michigan, USA: University of Michigan.

Wilson, L. (1995). The Academic Man: A Study in the Sociology of a Profession. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Wolff, H.G. & K. Moser. (2009). “Effects of Networking on Career Success: A Longitudinal Study” dalam Journal Application Psychology, 94, ms.196–206.

Yong, Kuey Ling & H. Saidi. (2008). “Kualiti Kehidupan Staf Akademik di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia”. Kertas dibentang dalam Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan Pasca Ijazah di UTM (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) pada tarikh 25-27hb November.

Youn, T.I.K. (1988). “Studies of Academic Markets and Careers: An Historical Review” dalam D.W. Breneman & T.I.K. Youn [eds]. Academic Labor Markets and Careers. New York: Falmer, ms.8-27.

Yu, C. (2011). “Chinese Knowledge Employees’ Career Values, Perceived Organizational Support, and Career Success” dalam iBusiness, 3, ms.274-282.

Zainal Abiddin, Norhasni & Mohd Rafaai Ayuddin. (2008). Kerjaya sebagai Pensyarah. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.

Zikic, J. & A.M. Saks. (2009). “Job Search and Social Cognitive Theory: The Role of Career-Relevant Activities” dalam Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, ms.117-127.