ABSTRACT: The study involved 120 teachers, who teach History in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Respondents were given a questionnaire, which consisted of three parts. Part A consisted of demographic questions. Part B consisted of 55 items that were on instructional leadership. Part C consisted of 20 items on work motivation; and Part D consisted of 30 items on teacher performance. A total of four hypotheses have been presented in this study. Data test has been measured and tested by using descriptive statistics and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with significance level p < 0.01. The findings of Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant relationship of instructional leadership and teacher performance in History (r = .523, sig = .000). While the findings of Pearson correlation analysis showed no significant difference of work motivation and work performance of History subject teachers (r = .172, sig = .060). In terms of implications of the study found that History teachers, who practice instructional leadership in their teaching and learning, will show a positive impact on teacher performance in History.

KEY WORD: Instructional leadership, work motivation, work performance, subject of history, and teachers of history in Sabah.

IKHTISAR: “Kepemimpinan Instruksional, Motivasi Kerja, dan Prestasi Kerja Guru-guru Mata Pelajaran Sejarah di Sabah, Malaysia”. Kajian ini melibatkan 120 orang guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran Sejarah di sekitar Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Responden telah diberikan satu set borang soal-selidik yang mengandungi 3 bahagian. Bahagian A terdiri daripada soalan demografi responden. Bahagian B terdiri daripada 55 item soalan mengenai kepemimpinan instruksional. Bahagian C terdiri daripada 20 item soalan mengenai motivasi kerja; manakala Bahagian D pula terdiri daripada 30 item soalan mengenai prestasi kerja guru. Sebanyak 4 hipotesis telah dikemukakan dalam kajian ini. Pengujian data diukur serta diuji menggunakan kaedah statistik deskriptif dan ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) dengan paras signifikan p < 0.01. Dapatan analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kepemimpinan instruksional dan prestasi kerja guru mata pelajaran Sejarah (r = .523, sig = .000). Manakala dapatan analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara motivasi kerja dan prestasi kerja guru mata pelajaran Sejarah (r = .172, sig = .060). Dari segi implikasi kajian mendapati bahawa guru mata pelajaran Sejarah, yang mengamalkan kepemimpinan instruksional semasa proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran, akan menunjukkan impak positif terhadap prestasi kerja guru mata pelajaran Sejarah.

KATA KUNCI: Kepemimpinan instruksional, motivasi kerja, prestasi kerja, mata pelajaran sejarah, dan guru-guru sejarah di Sabah.

About the Authors: Dayang Norizah A.G. Kiflee @ Dzulkifli, Ph.D. and Roslee Talip, Ph.D. are the Lecturers at the UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah), Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. For academic interests, the authors can be contacted via their e-mails at: jelita909@gmail.com and roslee_73@ums.edu.my

How to cite this article? Norizah A.G. Kiflee @ Dzulkifli, Dayang & Roslee Talip. (2015). “Instructional Leadership, Work Motivation, and Work Performance of History Teachers in Sabah, Malaysia” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Vol.2(2), Maret, pp.147-160. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, ISSN 2302-5808.

Chronicle of the article: Accepted (January 1, 2015); Revised (February 9, 2015); and Published (March 24, 2015).

Instructional Leadership; Work Motivation; Work Performance; Subject of History; Teachers of History in Sabah

Abd Rashid, Abd Rahim. (2000). Model dan Pendekatan Pengajaran Sejarah KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Abd Rashid, Abd Rahim. (2001). “Guru Sejarah Berkesan dan Bermotivasi Tinggi dalam Pengajaran Sejarah dan Penerapan Patriotisme”. Paper dalam Persidangan Pendidikan Sejarah ke Arah Pembentukan Warganegara Patriotik. Organized by Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum dan Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 8-12 October.

Abd Rashid, Abd Rahim. (2002). Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains Sosial: Teori dan Amalan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit UM [Universiti Malaya].

Abd Rashid, Abd Rahim. (2005). Profesionalisme Keguruan: Prospek dan Cabaran. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Abdullah, Abdul Ghani & Aziah Ismail. (2007). “Membangunkan Kapasiti Kepimpinan Sekolah”. Kertas Kerja dalam Seminar Nasional Pengurusan dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan ke-14, organized by Institut Aminuddin Baki.

Abdul Kadir, Abdul Latif. (1997). “Hubungan Keberkesanan Latihan dengan Prestasi Kerja Pegawai-pegawai Kastam”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Serdang: UPM [Universiti Putra Malaysia].

Abdul Kadir, Abdul Latif & Maimunah Ismail. (1997). “Hubungan Keberkesanan Latihan dengan Prestasi Kerja” in PERTANIKA: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(2), pp.73-82.

Ahmad, Anuar, Siti Haishah Abd Rahman & Nur Atiqah Abdullah. (2009). “Tahap Keupayaan Pengajaran Guru Sejarah dan Hubungannya dengan Pencapaian Murid di Sekolah Berprestasi Rendah” in Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34(1), pp.53-66.

Ahmad, Rupawan. (1990). “Sejarah, Masyarakat, dan Pendidikan” in Jurnal Jebat, 18, pp.59-69.

Arbai’yah, Mohd. (2002). Ilmu Sejarah & Pensejarahan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Aziz, Zahara & Nik Azleena Nik Ismail. (2007). “Kajian Tinjauan Kesediaan Guru-guru Sejarah Menerapkan Kemahiran Pemikiran Sejarah kepada para Pelajar” in Jurnal Pendidikan, 32, pp.119-137.

Aziz, Zahara & Nurliah Jair. (2009). “Penggunaan Peta Konsep untuk Meningkatkan Pencapaian Mata Pelajaran Sejarah bagi Pelajar Tingkatan Dua” in Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34(1), pp.3-15.

Berliner, D. (1988). “Implication of Studies on Expertise in Pedagogy for Teacher Education and Evaluation: New Direction for Teacher Assessment” in Proceedings of the 1988 ETS International Conference. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Teaching Service.

Bernardin, H.J. & J. Russell. (1993). Human Resource Management. Singapore: McGraw Hill, Inc.

Danim, Sudarwan. (2002). Menjadi Peneliti Kualitatif. Bandung: Pustaka Setia.

Don, Yahya. (2005). Kepemimpinan Pendidikan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional.

Fattah, Nanang. (2008). Landasan Manajemen Pendidikan. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.

Hallinger, P. et al. (1983). “School Effectiveness: Identifying the Specific Practices Behaviors for Principals” in NASSP Bulletin, 67(463), pp.83-91.

Hallinger, P. & J. Murphy. (1985). “Assessing the Instructional Behavior of Principal” in The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), pp.217-247.

Hallinger, P. & J. Murphy. (1986). “Instructional Leadership in the School Context” in W. Greenfield [ed]. Instructional Leadership: Concepts, Issues, and Controversies. Lexington, MA: Allyn and Bacon, pp.179-203.

Hallinger, P. & J.F. Murphy. (1987). “Assessing and Developing Principal Instructional Leadership” in Instructional Leadership, 45(1), pp.54-61.

Hallinger, P. & C.E. McCary. (1990). “Developing the Strategic Thinking of Instructional Leaders” in The Elementary School Journal, 91(2), pp.89-108.

Hallinger, P. (1992). “The Evolving Role American Principal: From Managerial to Instructional, to Transformational Leaders” in Journal of Educational Administration, 30(3), pp.35-48.

Hallinger, P. et al. (1994). “Adapting Problem-Based Learning for Educational Administration Preparation in Thailand”. Paper in the Seminar Nasional ke-4, Pengurusan Pendidikan, organized by KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia], on November.

Hallinger, P., L. Bickman & K. Davis. (1996). “School Context, Principal Leadership, and Student Achievement” in The Elementary School Journal, 96(5), pp.527-549.

Hallinger, P. & R.H. Heck. (1996). “Reassessing the Principal’s Role in School Effectiveness: A Review of Empirical Research, 1980-1995” in Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), pp.5-44.

Hallinger, P. & K. Leithwood. (1996). “Culture and Educational Administration: A Case of Finding Out What You Don’t Know” in Journal of Educational Administration, 34(5), pp.98-116.

Hallinger, P. (2003). “Leading Educational Change: Reflection on the Practice of Instructional and Transformational Leadership” in Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(3), pp.329-351.

Hersey, P. & K.H. Blanchard. (1996). The Situational Leadership Model. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Hussin, Sufean. (2004). Dasar Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia: Teori dan Analisis. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Idris, Noraini. (2010). Penyelidikan dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill.

Interview with Abdul Razak Manaf on “Bagaimana Standard Kompetensi Kepengetuaan Sekolah Malaysia Diwujudkan?” in Pahang, Malaysia: 31 March 2006.

Ismail, Azwani, Zahara Aziz & Sharifah Nur Puteh. (2009). “Kesan Model Stad terhadap Pelajar dalam Mata Pelajaran Sejarah” in Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Siswazah. Bangi: UKM [Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia].

Jamil, Hazri. (2003). Teknik Mengajar Sejarah. Kuala Lumpur. PTS Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd.

JNSP [Jemaah Nazir Sekolah Persekutuan]. (1993). Buku Panduan Bidang Profesional Sekolah Menengah. Kuala Lumpur: KPM [Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia].

JNS [Jemaah Nazir Sekolah]. (2004). Standard Kualiti Pendidikan Malaysia — SKPM 2: Instrumen Pemastian Standard. Kuala Lumpur: KPM [Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia].

Katzenbach, Jon R. (2000). Peak performance: Aligning the Hearts and Minds of Your Employees. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press, and McKinsey & Company, Inc. Available online also at: http://www.stephanehaefliger.com/campus/biblio/017/17_45.pdf [accessed in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: January 15, 2015].

Keow Ngang, Tang. (2000). Kepimpinan Pengajaran Pengetua dan Guru Besar di Sekolah-sekolah Zon. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit USM [Universiti Sains Malaysia].

Keow Ngang, Tang. (2007). Pengurusan Kualiti Menyeluruh dan Prestasi Kerja. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit USM [Universiti Sains Malaysia].

Kerajaan Malaysia. (2009). “Surat Pekeliling Perkhidmatan: Pemantapan Pengurusan Sistem Penilaian Prestasi Pegawai Perkhidmatan Awam” in JPA(S)K.256/6/27, KLT.2(31).

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (1990). Buku Penerangan Kurikulum Baru Sekolah Menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia & Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (1992). Latihan Dalaman. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perancangan Kurikulum.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2000). Sukatan Pelajaran Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah Sejarah. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2001). Sukatan Pelajaran Sejarah KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2003a). Analisis SPM 2002. Kuala Lumpur: Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2003b). Laporan Kajian tentang Isu Kurang Minat Murid terhadap Mata Pelajaran Sejarah di Sekolah Berprestasi Rendah: SPM 2002. Kuala Lumpur: LPM [Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia].

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2003c). Pengumuman Keputusan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia Tahun 2002. Kuala Lumpur: PPK [Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum].

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2004a). Analisis SPM 2003. Kuala Lumpur: Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2004b). Laporan Pemantauan Keberkesanan Pelaksanaan Kurikulum Mata Pelajaran Sejarah di Sarawak dan Sabah 2004. Kuala Lumpur: PPK [Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum].

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2004c). Pengumuman Keputusan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2003. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.

KPM [Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia]. (2004d). Standard Kualiti Pendidikan Malaysia: Pernyataan Standard. Kuala Lumpur: Jemaah Nazir Sekolah.

KPM [Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia]. (2005a). Pendidikan di Malaysia: Memartabatkan Kecemerlangan Pendidikan Negara. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.

KPM [Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia]. (2005b). Pengumuman Keputusan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2004. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.

KPM [Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia]. (2006). SKKSM. Genting Highland, Pahang, Malaysia: Institut Aminuddin Baki.

Lambert, Linda. (1989). “The End of an Era of Staff Development” in Education Leadership, 47, pp.78-81.

Lambert, Linda. (2003). “Leadership Refined: An Evocative Context for Teacher Leadership” in School Leadership and Management, 23(4), pp.421-430.

Levin, J. & J.A. Fox. (2007). Elementary Statistics in Social Science Research. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2nd edition.

Magisos, J.H. (1989). Vocational Teacher: Principles, Practices, Problem, and Promissing Direction. London: The Palmer Press.

Mahdzan, Ahmad. (2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan Sosio-Ekonomi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, edisi ketiga.

Main, A. (1985). Educational Staff Development. Dover, NH: Croom Helm.

Mamat, Ibrahim. (2006). Reka Bentuk dan Pengurusan Latihan: Konsep dan Amalan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Mamat, Ibrahim & Zaiton Hassan. (2008). Pengurusan Sumber Manusia: Perspektif Modal Insan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Maslow, A. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review, 50, pp.370-396.

Mat Yusof, Mohammad. (2001). “Prestasi Kerja di Kalangan Perkhidmatan Awam” in Buletin Perkhidmatan Awam, November, pp.23-30.

McClelland, D.C. (1965). “Toward a Theory of Motive Acquisition” in American Psychologist, 20, pp.321-333.

Mohamad, Ainon. (2003). Teori dan Teknik Kepimpinan: Panduan Aplikasi di Tempat Kerja. Pahang: PTS Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd.

Mohd Ishak, Noriah et al. (1999). “Hubungan antara Tanggungjawab kepada Diri, Pelajaran, Pelajar, dan Masyarakat di Kalangan Guru-guru” in Jurnal Pendidikan 24, pp.548-555.

Mohd Noor, Abdullah. (1998). “Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran: Isu Strategi dan Pendekatan dalam Pendidikan”. Kertas Kerja dalam Maktab Perguruan Perempuan Melayu, Melaka, Malaysia, on 26 September.

Mulyasa, E. (2003). Manajemen dan Organisasi Sekolah. Bandung, Indonesia: Remaja Rosdakarya.

Murphy, J.F. et al. (1984). “Instructional Leadership: A Conceptual Framework” in The Education Digest, September, pp.28-31.

Murphy, J.F. (1988a). “Improving the Achievement of Minority Students” in Instructional Leadership, 46(2), pp.41-42.

Murphy, J.F. (1988b). “Methodological, Measurement, and Conceptual Problems in the Study of Instructional Leadership” in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 10(2), pp.117-139.

Murphy, J.F. (1990). “Principal Instructional Leadership: Changing Perspectives on the School” in Advances in Educational Administration, 1, pp.163-200.

Mustafa, M. Nur & Norasmah Othman. (2009). “Motivasi Kerja, Latihan dalam Perkhidmatan, dan Kompetensi Profesional, serta Hubungannya terhadap Prestasi Kerja Guru di Pekan Baru, Provinsi Riau, Indonesia” in Prosiding Penyelidikan Siswazah. Bangi: UKM [Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia].

Pearson, D. (2000). “The Application of Research-Based Staff Development Practices in Rural North California Elementary and Middle School: A Comparative Analysis of the Perception of Teacher from High-Standard and Low-Achieving School”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Releigh: North Coralina State University.

Razaq Ahmad, Abdul & Ahmad Ali Seman. (2000). “Menangani Kepelbagaian Pelajar dalam Pendidikan Sejarah” in Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan Kebangsaan. Bangi: Fakuti Pendidikan UKM [Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia].

Razaq Ahmad, Abdul & Andi Suwirta. (2007). Sejarah dan Pendidikan Sejarah: Perspektif Malaysia dan Indonesia. Bandung, Indonesia: Historia Utama Press.

Sani Yahya, Abdullah, Abdullah Rashid Mohamed & Abdul Ghani Abdullah. (2007). Guru sebagai Pemimpin. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional.

Sardiman, A.M. (2000). Interaksi dan Motivasi Belajar-Mengajar. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.

Shukor Abdullah, Abdul. (2000). “Sistem Pemastian Peningkatan Standard Kualiti Pendidikan: Teori Praktis”. Kertas Kerja dalam Seminar Jemaah Nazir Sekolah, organized by Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, in Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, on 11-13 August.

Smith, W. & R. Andrews. (1990). Instructional Leadership: How Principals Make a Difference. Alexandria, VA: ASCM.

Soetjipto & Raflis Kosasih. (2007). Profesi Keguruan. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.

Southworth, G. (2002). “Instructional Leadership in Schools: Reflections and Empirical Evidence” in School Leadership and Management, 22(1), pp.73-92.

SPA [Sektor Pengurusan Akademik] Negeri Sabah. (2011). Laporan Sijil Peperiksaan Malaysia dan Peperiksaan Menengah Rendah Negeri Sabah 2010. Kota Kinabalu: Sektor Pengurusan Akademik Negeri Sabah, Malaysia.

Sparks, D. (2003). “Interview with Fullan: Change Agent” in Journal of Staff Development, 24(1). Available online also at: http://www.nsdc.org/library /publications/jsd/fullan241.cfm [accessed in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: January 15, 2015].

Sparks, D. & S. Loucks-Horsley. (1989). “Five Models of Staff Development for Teachers” in Journal of Staff Development, 10(4), pp.40-57.

Sparks, D. & S. Hirsh. (1997). A New Vision for Staff Development. Alexandria and Virginia: Assosiation for Supervision and Curiculum Development.

Sparks, G.M. (1983). “Synthesis of Research on Staff Development for Effective Teaching” in Educational Leadership, 41, pp.65-72.

Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. (2003). Landasan Psikologi: Proses Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Sultan Faujar, Mohammad. (2000). “Kualiti Pengajaran Sejarah di Sekolah Menengah Daerah Sabak Bernam”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: UM [University of Malaya].

Sundara Raja, Sivachandralingam et al. (2008). Sejarah Masih Relevan. Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publication Sdn Bhd.

Timpe, K. (1998). Sourcehood and its Alternatives. New York: Harcour Brace Jovanavich Inc.

Uche, A.L., D. Fiberesima & O. Christiana. (2011). “Relationship between Motivational Factors and Teachers’ Performance on the Job in Ogbal/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area, of Rivers State” in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol.5(2), October.

Vroom, H.V. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Willey & Sons, Inc.

Wilcox, S. (2005). “Leadership in the Classroom”. Available online also at: www.queensu.ca/idc/trainerslhandlleaderlhtml [accessed in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: August 9, 2014].

Yusri Ibrahim, Mohd. (2010). Analisis Data Penyelidikan untuk Pendidikan & Sains Sosial. Kuantan: Bandar Ilmu.

Zahra, S.A. (1999). “Corporate Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, and Competence Development” in Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 23(3), pp.169-190.

Zakaria, Azmi, Wan Fatimah Mohd & Quek Bong Cheang. (1996). “Indikator Kepimpinan Cemerlang: Satu Analisis Pengurusan” in Jurnal Pengurusan Pendidikan, 6(1), pp.1-17.